Nail Biting Screed Essay - 1103 Words

Nail Biting Screed Take a nice deep breath, close your eyes and begin to relax...... Make yourself as comfortable as you can. Now I would like you take one deep breath and hold it. And just let go.....thatss good. As you concentrate on your breathing.....everyday noises will soon to disappear.....and the only thing of importance is the sound of my voice. Helping you to relax deeper and deeper. Just allow yourself to relax totally. You dont have to do anything.....You dont have to think.....You dont have to listen....You dont have to do anything in particularly.....Just allow yourself to enjoy that lovely gentle feeling. Allow the relaxation to go through your body. I would like you to relax your eyes....Relax those little†¦show more content†¦0 at the bottom of the stairs deeply relaxed.....Your mind is completely relaxed..... So, now I would like you to open that door, and go through it. And inside you find yourself inside a large room..... and there are people in that room. The room is filled with Love, affection and acceptance..... And underneath it all there is a deep and abiding feeling of calm .... and you begin to flow and float into that feeling of calm... And you begin to feel... that there is no need for any tension or anxiety... that there are things you can leave behind.... things you dont need any more... because so many people love you and respect you ..... and maybe they dont say so ... but they really do... And when you think about it, your life has been full of successes, in fact it has been one success after another.... and I know there have been setbacks.... but you have been successful at so many things... And every year.... every month... a new success.... a new test passed.... a new ability.... and you have the ability to learn... its a wonderful gift... you have the ability.... to decide to do something and when you decide to do something, you do it. Nothing stops you... you are a determined person... you have the ability to see things through... And you have come here today and you are sitting in that seat breathing quietly... because you have a problem.... and that problem comes back... but you have come here today because you haveShow MoreRelatedPermissive - Nail Biting Screed1009 Words   |  5 Pagespermissive -NAIL BITING SCREED Now as you are resting so quietly there with your eyes closed†¦. I am going to help you to relax even deeper†¦. I am going to count†¦ very slowly†¦. Upto 7. And in between each count†¦. I will use the words † drifting deeper and deeper†. And you’ll find†¦. As this count progresses†¦ that you can drift into that trance state. As I count, you can help too as you tell yourself†¦Ã¢â‚¬ I am going deeper and deeper into hypnosis†. Now it doesn’t matter if your mind wanders†¦. ItRead More‚Äà ºDiscuss the relationship between stress, anxiety, habits and phobias and describe how you would treat these issues with hypnotherapy‚Äà ¹.4857 Words   |  20 Pagesan unhealthy repetitive behaviour that is out of the person’s control (Alexander 1995), such behaviour includes hair pulling, nail biting, thumb sucking and the excessive use of food, alcohol and tobacco. Other habits may seem to serve no particular purpose, like hair twirling. These habits often are built unknowingly. They can include behavior like thumb sucking, nail biting, or chewing on the end of a pencil. Such habits may begin as self-soothing forms of behavior and may help relieve stress. But

Small Bussnes Ganha Free Essays

Tourism accommodation business owners indicated factors such as maintaining lifestyle, being their own bosses, capitalizing on a business opportunity, generation of retirement income influence the decision to own/operate a small tourism accommodation businesses. These variables can be categorized as non-economic and economic factors. It was found that though the owners were motivated by commercial enterprise goals, these are subordinated to the pursuit of socially driven lifestyle motivation factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Small Bussnes Ganha or any similar topic only for you Order Now Small tourism accommodation business owners in Ghana perceive the non- availability of skilled hospitality personnel and limited access to structured capitalist training programmed as the greatest challenge facing their industry. Key Words: Ghana, Small Tourism accommodation businesses, motivations, challenges INTRODUCTION Ghana has designated its tourism industry as one of the new growth sectors for economic development, employment generation and poverty reduction in its development framework document (growth and poverty reduction strategy (GAPS II, 2005). This development framework recognizes the tourism industry in Ghana as a growing, vibrant and dynamic one with a great potential for job creation. Ghana, like many sub-Sahara countries, has primarily an agrarian economy and produces few exportable services. Tourism has been identified as one area that can bring improvements in the services sector of the economy. In recent years there has been an expansion of investments in the tourism industry, especially the small tourism accommodation businesses sector. The total number of registered tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana as at 201 2 was 1,838. Compared to 420 and 1992. Of the 1838 hotel stock as at 2012, 69% can be classified as small tourism accommodation enterprises based on guestroom capacity of 15. Currently tourism is the fourth-largest foreign-exchange earner in Ghana after old and cocoa and foreign remittances. International tourist arrivals rose from 698,069 in 2008 to I in 201 1 with corresponding receipts from LOS$ 1. 4 Billion to CSS$ 2. Billion respectively, while direct and indirect jobs created by the sector increased from 234, 679 to 330, 514 during the period (GTAG, 2012). The government of Ghana acknowledges that accommodation businesses sector is an important part Of the Ghana tourism industry (NNTP, 1995) and has identified tourism accommodation businesses as catalysts for tourism development and by extension for the economic growth of the country as he industry is a major source of income and employment. The accommodation business sector in Ghana is 1 00 percent private sector owned and it characterized by many independent businesses. According to a recent survey, 69% of all tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana have less than 15 guestrooms and 88% of all tourism 2223-XX Copyright: 0 2014 AUGHT – Open Access- Online @ http//: accommodation businesses have less than 25 guestrooms and only 3 percent of these tourism accommodation businesses have more than 50 rooms (Mechanics, 2011; GET, 2012). The tourism accommodation businesses landscape fleets a large number of lower rated businesses, especially those in the budget category, 68%, which are typically small family owned and operated establishments. The rapid growth in the number of small tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana and the role they play in the promotion of tourism makes it imperative for a better understanding of the drivers in the sector. Interestingly, worldwide the tourism and hospitality industries are characterized by many small firms but generally, research in the tourism accommodation business sector has focused mostly on large tourism accommodation business chains. Invariably, not much research attention has been given to small independent especially those in developing countries such as Ghana. Although there is a growing body of high quality small business literature, much of it is general and few studies have focused on small businesses (Thomas, 1998). Majority of research on small firms has focused on the personal attributes, motivations and practices of entrepreneurs and other economic and socio-demographic factors that affect small firms in general. It is generally acknowledged that sector differences play an important part in explaining the operations of small genuineness (Thomas, 1998) and the tourism accommodation business sector will benefit from such recognition with a sector focused research. Whiles many tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana can generally be classified as small firms, they have peculiar characteristics that need to be given an adequate amount of attention if we are to get a better understanding of how they operate. This paper examines the motivations and challenges of small tourism accommodation business owners in Ghana to get a better understanding of these factors. The outcome of the research will offer policy makers insights can influence their support aerogramme for an efficient development of the tourism industry. LITERATURE REVIEW Defining Small Tourism accommodation businesses Morrison (1996) argues that traditionally the tourism industry has been dominated by small businesses and this still remains true. Globally, a common feature of businesses in the hospitality and tourism industry is that greater percentages, (95 percent), are small firms (See, Curran 1 996; Ashley and Rawson, 2006). This assertion holds in Ghana where 97 percent of all tourism firms are classified as small (NNTP, 2012). Small tourism accommodation businesses are a component of small tourism and capitalist firms, which can be classified as small businesses. However, what constitutes a small business is a major challenge in the SEEM (small and medium enterprises) literature (Curran Storey, 1993). This is acknowledged by Morrison, (1996) who states that the term small businessmen is a difficult one to define. To date, there is no agreement in the literature about how small firms should be defined. The heterogeneity of small firms, their characteristics and global variety has led to it being defined in several ways. Storey (1994) concluded that there is no single, uniformly acceptable definition of a small firm. Several researchers have made significant efforts at defining small firms (See for example, Marked 1983; Gangly 1 985; Curran and Blackburn 1 991 ; GOES 1991; storey 1 994; Thomas 1 AAA, Addressed 1 999; Decker, Schaefer and Blander, 2006) but there is no consensus on these definitions. Existence of the numerous definitions of small firms has been attributed to the failure of most research to adequately identify the nature Of small firms leading to 2 various definitions being used in different research contexts. Storey (1994) is of the view that these various grounded define actions have been used according to he particular sector, geographic or other contexts in which the small firm is being examined. Curran et al. 1986:3) refer to the â€Å"great deal of agonizing ov er the issue of definition by small businesses by researchers such as Bolton (1971 Banks and Cone (1983); and Curran and Stonewort (1 984), from which no satisfactory solutions have emerged†. One reason for such diverse definitions relates to size and sector differences of small firms. Definitions at sector level which relate quantitative measures Of size, such as number of employees, sales turnover, profitability and net worth, may mean that in some sectors all firms may be regarded as small, while in other sectors there are possibly no firms which are small. Burns (2001, p 8) argues, â€Å"being a small firm is not just about size defined in simple statistical terms and that small firms also have other important defining characteristics†. These need to be considered to have a full appreciation of a small firm. Existing literature on tourism and hospitality are not clear on definitions of small tourism and hospitality firm leading to various definitions being considered by various researches. Curran Storey (1993) in making a case for defining small ours and hospitality firms differently, stated that though studies of small firms in the tourism and hospitality industry reflect a liberal usage of the term small firma to that found in the general small business literature it is important to highlight the principal features of these definitions as they affect tourism and hospitality firms. There is the opinion that service firms are better understood if their distinctiveness from manufacturing firms is recognized (Voss et al. 1988). The definition of small tourism and hospitality firms therefore must be informed by a consideration of what makes small tourism ND hospitality firms different from other small enterprises. The above notwithstanding, in developing a definition for small tourism and hospitality firms, which includes small (STABs), it is important that the definition be both comparable to other industries, while at the same time reflecting the unique characteristics of the tourism and hospitality industry (Morrison and Conway 2007). Beaver (2002) is of similar view and states that small firm definitions may need to incorporate the specific nature and context of respective industrial sectors if they are to be meaningful. Although defining small tourism and capitalist firms along tangible measures such as number of rooms and employees are essential, the intangible and qualitative features inherent in small firm ownership and management in general and at sector levels also needs some consideration if a meaningful definition is to be derived (Burns, 2001). How to cite Small Bussnes Ganha, Papers Small Bussnes Ganha Free Essays Tourism accommodation business owners indicated factors such as maintaining lifestyle, being their own bosses, capitalizing on a business opportunity, generation of retirement income influence the decision to own/operate a small tourism accommodation businesses. These variables can be categorized as non-economic and economic factors. It was found that though the owners were motivated by commercial enterprise goals, these are subordinated to the pursuit of socially driven lifestyle motivation factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Small Bussnes Ganha or any similar topic only for you Order Now Small tourism accommodation business owners in Ghana perceive the non- availability of skilled hospitality personnel and limited access to structured capitalist training programmed as the greatest challenge facing their industry. Key Words: Ghana, Small Tourism accommodation businesses, motivations, challenges INTRODUCTION Ghana has designated its tourism industry as one of the new growth sectors for economic development, employment generation and poverty reduction in its development framework document (growth and poverty reduction strategy (GAPS II, 2005). This development framework recognizes the tourism industry in Ghana as a growing, vibrant and dynamic one with a great potential for job creation. Ghana, like many sub-Sahara countries, has primarily an agrarian economy and produces few exportable services. Tourism has been identified as one area that can bring improvements in the services sector of the economy. In recent years there has been an expansion of investments in the tourism industry, especially the small tourism accommodation businesses sector. The total number of registered tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana as at 201 2 was 1,838. Compared to 420 and 1992. Of the 1838 hotel stock as at 2012, 69% can be classified as small tourism accommodation enterprises based on guestroom capacity of 15. Currently tourism is the fourth-largest foreign-exchange earner in Ghana after old and cocoa and foreign remittances. International tourist arrivals rose from 698,069 in 2008 to 1 in 201 1 with corresponding receipts from ISIS 1. 4 Billion to CSS$ 2. Billion respectively, while direct and indirect jobs created by the sector increased from 234, 679 to 330, 514 during the period (GTAG, 2012). The government of Ghana acknowledges that accommodation businesses sector is an important part Of the Ghana tourism industry (NNTP, 1995) and has identified tourism accommodation businesses as catalysts for tourism development and by extension for the economic growth of the country as he industry is a major source of income and employment. The accommodation business sector in Ghana is 1 00 percent private sector owned and it characterized by many independent businesses. According to a recent survey, 69% of all tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana have less than 15 guestrooms and 88% of all tourism 2223-XX Copyright: 0 2014 AUGHT – Open Access- Online @ http//: accommodation businesses have less than 25 guestrooms and only 3 percent of these tourism accommodation businesses have more than 50 rooms (Mechanics, 2011; GET, 2012). The tourism accommodation businesses landscape fleets a large number of lower rated businesses, especially those in the budget category, 68%, which are typically small family owned and operated establishments. The rapid growth in the number of small tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana and the role they play in the promotion of tourism makes it imperative for a better understanding of the drivers in the sector. Interestingly, worldwide the tourism and hospitality industries are characterized by many small firms but generally, research in the tourism accommodation business sector has focused mostly on large tourism accommodation business chains. Invariably, not much research attention has been given to small independent especially those in developing countries such as Ghana. Although there is a growing body of high quality small business literature, much of it is general and few studies have focused on small businesses (Thomas, 1998). Majority of research on small firms has focused on the personal attributes, motivations and practices of entrepreneurs and other economic and socio-demographic factors that affect small firms in general. It IS generally acknowledged that sector differences play an important part in explaining the operations of small genuineness (Thomas, 1 998) and the tourism accommodation business sector will benefit from such recognition with a sector focused research. Whiles many tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana can generally be classified as small firms, they have peculiar characteristics that need to be given an adequate amount of attention if we are to get a better understanding of how they operate. This paper examines the motivations and challenges of small tourism accommodation business owners in Ghana to get better understanding of these factors. The outcome of the research will offer policy makers insights can influence heir support programmed for an efficient development of the tourism industry. LITERATURE REVIEW Defining Small Tourism accommodation businesses Morrison (1996) argues that traditionally the tourism industry has been dominated by small businesses and this still remains true. Globally, a common feature of businesses in the hospitality and tourism industry is that greater percentages, (95 percent), are small firms (See, Curran 1 996; Lassies and Rawson, 2006). This assertion holds in Ghana where 97 percent of all tourism firms are classified as small (NNTP, 2012). Small tourism accommodation businesses re a component of small tourism and hospitality firms, which can be classified as small businesses. However, what constitutes a small business is a major challenge in the SEEM (small and medium enterprises) literature (Curran Storey, 1993). This is acknowledged by Morrison, (1996) who states that the term small business; is a difficult one to define. To date, there is no agreement in the literature about how small firms should be defined. The heterogeneity of small firms, their characteristics and global variety has led to it being defined in several ways. Storey (1994) concluded that there is no ingle, uniformly acceptable definition of a small firm. Several researchers have made significant efforts at defining small firms (See for example, Marked 1983; Gangly 1 985; Curran and Blackburn 1 991 ; GOES 1991; storey 1 994; Thomas 1 AAA, Addressed 1 999; Decker, Schaefer and Blander, 2006) but there is no consensus on these definitions. Existence of the numerous definitions of small firms has been attributed to the failure of most research to adequately identify the nature Of small firms leading to 2 various definitions being used in different research contexts. Storey (1994) is of the IEEE that these various groundedÃ'Å¡ define actions have been used according to the particular sector, geographic or other contexts in which the small firm is being examined. Curran et al. 1986:3) refer to the â€Å"great deal of agonizin g over the issue of definition by small businesses by researchers such as Bolton (1971 Banks and Cone (1983); and Curran and Stonewort (1 984), from which no satisfactory solutions have emerged†. One reason for such diverse definitions relates to size and sector differences of small firms. Definitions at sector level which relate quantitative measures Of size, such as number of employees, sales remover, profitability and net worth, may mean that in some sectors all firms may be regarded as small, while in other sectors there are possibly no firms which are small. Burns (2001, p 8) argues, â€Å"being a small firm is not just about size defined in simple statistical terms and that small firms also have other important defining characteristics†. These need to be considered to have a full appreciation of a small firm. Existing literature on tourism and hospitality are not clear on definitions of small tourism and hospitality firm leading to various definitions being considered by various researches. Curran Storey (1993) in making a case for defining small tourism and hospitality firms differently, stated that though studies of small firms in the tourism and hospitality industry reflect a liberal usage of the term small firma to that found in the general small business literature it is important to highlight the principal features of these definitions as they affect tourism and hospitality firms. There is the opinion that service firms are better understood if their distinctiveness from manufacturing firms is recognized (Voss et al. 1988). The definition of small tourism and hospitality firms Hereford must be informed by a consideration of what makes small tourism and hospitality firms different from other small enterprises. The above notwithstanding, in developing a definition for small tourism and hospitality firms, which includes small (STABs), it is important that the definition be both comparable to other industries, while at the same time reflecting the unique characterist ics of the tourism and hospitality industry (Morrison and Conway 2007). Beaver (2002) is of similar view and states that small firm definitions may need to incorporate the specific nature and context of respective industrial sectors if they are to be meaningful. Although defining small tourism and hospitality firms along tangible measures such as number of rooms and employees are essential, the intangible and qualitative features inherent in small firm ownership and management in general and at sector levels also needs some consideration if a meaningful definition is to be derived (Burns, 2001). Such intangible and qualitative features include lifestyle business motivations that have been identified in relation to micro and small-scale tourism firms (Locker and Morrison, 1999; Buick et al. , 2000; Get and Carlson, 2000; Kampala, 2004). From this perspective, qualitative social rewards may be priorities over those of a quantitatively defined economic nature (Appleton et al. , 2004). Thus, Morrison and Conway (2007) argue that any meaningful definition of small tourism and hospitality firms need the recognition, justification and combination of the associated quantifiable and qualified features. How to cite Small Bussnes Ganha, Papers

Stealing Debut Albums and Magnificent Idea free essay sample

Debut Albums and Magnificent Idea Stealing is Just plain old wrong, but still that doesnt stop people from doing it. They dont take the time to realize the amount of trouble that theyre getting themselves into. Or maybe they Just dont care, but they really should. Stealing has no excuses, explanations, or anything, because when you get caught thats It. There are reasons why you shouldnt do this, good ones, theses are the things that people should think about before stealing.First of all what would God say, do you think that he would actually want you to doing this. Sure he forgives us for our sins, but do you want that guilt hanging over your shoulders, no, you dont. The bible says, Thou shall not steal, but do you think of that at all. Now what about jail time and your record, over do your limit and you might as well start working on your jail visits. Dont get this wrong or take it the wrong way, Im not saying go out and steal and just dont get caught. No, the point is thinking and using your head.You have to think about your future, how would it look if youre trying to get a Job, you meet all of the requirements and Just flat out qualified for the position oer applying for, but shoplifting shows up on your record. So all of a sudden Bam youre no longer qualified. Look at what It does to the future, you might get another chance, you might not. Why gamble with life, why keep taking chances, and fooling around. Take a look at this. Lets say that youve been stealing for a while and you think youre pretty good. Youve never got caught and also you believe you never will.You go into a store start picking up things like you always do. Now youre walking out of the door and a man says, stop you do so, but all of a sudden, realize that youre caught. Then you think no way, this has to be a dream, but its the realest thing that you will ever encounter. Soon youre In the back of the store, giving him all of your information, and hes calling your parents. Now you have to go to court, pay fines, and of course punishment. Do you see how addicting this Is, you keep doing it and doing until you get It, but whos to say you will stop there. If you cant steal youll go to something else that you can do or you might Just keep stealing. And neither one of them Is the right road to go down. Then the punishment, it really seems like it will never end at all. Theres the punishment from parents and the court. Now because its youre first time you might get 24 hours of community service and one year of unsupervised probation. Not so bad right, no, once again youre wrong, you have to think about your record again. And what if youre too young to do the work at some of the stores, your next option is church. Do you want everyone in your business? Little too late to realize that, dont you think. The punishment at home is Just as worse as the one the court gave you. Have a cell phone, not any more you dont, date next week, I dont think so, everything huts down and youre on lock down. Punishment can help you see how wonderful and great freedom Is. The guilt, lies, and everything Just come out. What It does to your life, cause of course you werent talking of this. You werent thinking that this would ever in a million years happen to you and why would it, because you cant day you got caught it wasnt your best. Maybe you Just werent thinking, had your mind somewhere, or you were thinking and Just didnt care. See where not caring can get you, in a courtroom, with a Judge, and you sitting next to your mother. Dont sound to good now do it. No, it doesnt but this one girl thought she was too good and wonderful for some like this to bring her down. Heres her story. Shes a young girl, about 13, smart, beautiful, and gets everything she deserves. But shes greedy, tired, and bored she needs something new to do. Joan (thats her name) thinks and thinks until she gets this wonderful, magnificent idea to steal.Decides she is going to stop using her last dime to buy a shirt, pair of pants, new earrings and all of the shiny material goods. Little does this young trying to be grown girl know her wonderful and magnificent idea isnt so great after all. First it starts off Joan is by herself Just hanging in the store. She has about ten dollars on her all together. And she needs that to put money on her phone for tomorrow. So she takes the shirt, goes to the back, to puts it in her bag, and Jets out of the store. Easy, quick, and simple anti nothing like getting some for free.Only its not free Joan going to pay for that shirt and its going to cost more than what it did. It doesnt stop there no not at all she keeps going. For one she believes that she is unstoppable, two whats the worst that can happen, and three who cares they wont even miss it. Right? WRONG!! The thing is Joan people care and they are going to miss it when it comes out of their next paycheck. Whats the worst, Ill tell you, getting caught, going to Jail, and the guilt on your shoulders. Joan you are stoppable and youll soon figure out that you will be stopped. So the next part of Jeans story is when she hooks up with her friends. And at This point stealing is like a new thing on the block, so everyone is doing, sorry again to bust your bubble but everyone is not doing it. Everyone goes to chill at Wall-mart after the game. Joan and her crew do to, but see Joan is in desperate need of a new pocketbook, Sally is loving the flat shoes and wants a pair for herself, Jim likes impressing the ladies and needs something fresh to wear to the dance, and last but not least Sarah and this girl is all about hair, so she needs the works.They go for it. Once again they dont get caught and everybody is happy for the time being. By now theyve done this a few more times and truly believe that theyre good. Really theyre addicted and dont know how or when to stop. So once again Joan is in the store alone and sees this nice pair of earrings. Shes thinking to herself its only one thing, go head and get it. Little does she realize someone is watching every move she makes and everything she take. Joan is walking out of the door like everything is fine.And the man says, stop young lady right about now her mind is probably rushing trying to think, but shes in shock and shes caught. The man takes her the back room and she cooperates, and he calls her parents. Joan is now on punishment, has a court date, and all of this for nothing. The point is stealing is wrong. We shouldnt do, it hurts so many people around us. But the person it hurts the most is you, look at all of the trouble you went through to try and avoid this, now look at all of the trouble it got you into.And theres no way to get out of it, you should have stopped while you were ahead, or when you were you sit back and realize how dumb it was. So stealing is stupid, it gets you nowhere and if you keep doing it youll end up nowhere. So what do you do the next time you walk in a store? You look around pick up nothing that you already know youre not going to buy. Go get what you need and head on out. The best way to stay out of trouble is to not even think about doing it, UT if you do you have to control yourself, learn to say no to others, and Just walk away if they dont want to listen.Long as you know stealing is wrong and that there is no point in doing, good. And really if you havent started stealing dont. Its too addicting and gets you into too much trouble. So Just dont steal! Last and farther most I would like to thank my probation officer for giving me another chance to prove myself. I would like you to know that this was a mistake and a one time only thing. Believe me it wont happen again. To Bells management and staff I would like to say Im sorry for breaking the law ND stealing clothes from your store.I also want you to know that this wont happen again and that I have learned my lesson. I hope you didnt get the wrong impression of me; I am really and truly a good child that Just made the wrong decision. To my parents and my uncle I would like thank them for supporting me and staying by my side in my time of need. I want them to also know I am very sorry for what I did. And last but not least to anyone else who may read this know that I have learned an important lesson in my life. I am truly blessed to have gotten this chance to prove and renew myself. Thank You.

Should Abortion Be Made Legal Essay Example

Should Abortion Be Made Legal Essay The debate over whether or not abortion should be a legal option continues to divide Americans long after the US Supreme Court’s 7-2 decision on Roe v. Wade declared the procedure a fundamental right† on Jan. 22, 1973. Proponents, identifying themselves as pro-choice, contend that abortion is a right that should not be limited by governmental or religious authority, and which outweighs any right claimed for an embryo or fetus.They argue that pregnant women will resort to unsafe illegal abortions if there is no legal option. Opponents, identifying themselves as pro-life, assert that personhood begins at conception, and therefore abortion is the immoral killing of an innocent human being. They say abortion inflicts suffering on the unborn child, and that it is unfair to allow abortion when couples who cannot biologically conceive are waiting to adopt etuses are incapable of feeling pain when an abortion is performed according to Stuart W.G. Derbyshire, PhD, Senior Lecturer at the University of Birmingham (England). Not only has the biological development not yet occurred to support pain experience, but the environment after birth, so necessary to the development of pain experience, is also yet to occur. etuses are incapable of feeling pain when an abortion is performed according to Stuart W. G. Derbyshire, PhD, Senior Lecturer at the University of Birmingham (England). Not only has the biological development not yet occurred to support pain experience, but the environment after birth, so necessary to the development of pain experience, is also yet to occur. etuses are incapable of feeling pain when an abortion is performed according to Stuart W. G. Derbyshire, PhD, Senior Lecturer at the University of Birmingham (England). Not only has the biological development not yet occurred to support pain experience, but the environment after birth, so necessary to the development of pain experience, is also yet to occur.

Herbal Practices essays

Herbal Practices essays Echinacea. Chiropractic. Gingko Biloba. Acupuncture. What do all these have in common? They are all part of what is known collectively as 'alternative medicine ¡. Readers may not be surprised to find disciplines such as  ¡Therapeutic Touch ¡ and acupuncture grouped under this label, but may be shocked to find that some seemingly well-established remedies such as chiropractic and vitamin supplements possess little or no scientific evidence for their claims. Partially for this reason, it is hard to (1) identify exactly what alternative medicine is and (2) what should be done about it. Alternative medicine, primarily, is any discipline claiming to alleviate health problems which relies on an uncorroborated theory  ¡V that is, a theory which has little or no scientific evidence to back it up. (It is a common misconception that testimonials can somehow count as evidence that a practice works, and this is used often in commercials. Even if the testimonial is sincere, it is quite possible that a treatment has nothing to do with a recovery. Testimonials are often guilty of post hoc ergo prompter hoc, or  ¡after which, therefore because of ¡.) This means any of a plethora of practices may fall under the blanket term. Many alternative medicine (or 'AM ¡) disciplines have been proven to have no detectable effect on patients, and yet still have adherents  ¡V practitioners of Krieger ¡s Therapeutic Touch, for instance, have proven unable to detect the 'human energy field ¡ their discipline insists all humans have (Rosa et. Al. 1008). Nevertheless, thousands of nurses still practice it. Other disciplines have shown themselves to produce some benefit, but are based on theories with no backing. Chiropractic care, for instance, can relieve back pain through spinal manipulation; but the theory behind chiropractic  ¡V the 'theory of subluxators ¡, which  ¡states that misaligned or 'subluxated ¡ vertebrae cause 'nerve interference tha...

Basic Hydraulic Systems

Basic Hydraulic Systems Every hydraulic system has a minimum number of basic components regardless of its design and function. The fundamental components of the hydraulic system include pump, reservoir, directional valve, check valve, pressure relieve valve, selector valve, actuator, and filter. An open center system has fluid flowing, with any pressure in the system when the actuating mechanisms are idle. The pump disperses the fluid from the reservoir through the selector valves and return to the reservoir. The open center system may engage a several subsystems, with a selector valve for every subsystem. The selector valve of the open center system is connected in series with each other. In this arrangement, the system pressure line will go through each selector valve. The fluid is allowed free passage through the selector valve and return to the reservoir until one of the selector valves is ready to operate a mechanism. When one of the selector valves is set to operate an actuating device, fluid is flowing from the pump through one of the working line to the actuator. When the selector valve is set in this position, the fluid flow to the reservoir is blocked. The system overcome the resistance by using the pressure build up in it and move the piston of the actuation cylinder, fluid from the opposite end of the actuator will returns to the selector valve and return to the reservoir. The operation of the system after actuation of the component will depends on the type of the selector valve that has been used. Many types of selector are used together with the open center system. One of the types is both manually engaged and manually disengaged. The valve is manually moved to an operating position. Then, the actuating mechanism reaches the end of the operating cycle, and the output of the pump continue until the pressure is relieves by the system relief valve. The relief valve dismount and allows the fl uid to return to the reservoir. The system pressure remains at the relief valve set pressure until the selector valve is returned manually to the neutral position. It reopens the open center flow and let the system pressure to drop to line resistance pressure.

Discuss the differences between PCR and QPCR. If you were designing an Essay

Discuss the differences between PCR and QPCR. If you were designing an experiment to study gene expression describe the main steps you would use. What would - Essay Example Real-time chemistries permit the detection of PR amplification early on. Quantification of the kinetics of the reaction at its onset defines the distinguished advantage of QPCR over traditional PCR. Moreover, these conventional methods utilize Aragose gels for detection of PCR amplification at the final stage of the PCR reaction (Dharmaraj, S. 2005; Kawamoto, S., Tadashi, O., Kita, H., Chisaka,O., & Okubo, K. 1999). End-point PCR has several constraints; for one, aragose gel results are obtained at the end of the reaction, which may prove to be very tedious and time-consuming. Results may not be available until after several days. One other advantage of QPCR is its capacity to capture even the slightest differences in the variable sample yields, which may not be as accurately measured through conventional aragose gels. It may also prove to be more difficult because of the very poor resolution of aragose gel, estimated to be about 10-fold (Dharmaraj, S. 2005). In contrast, QPCR is sensitive enough to detect a two-fold change. In summary, the following are the marked disadvantages on the use of traditional PCR: poor precision, low sensitivity, short dynamic range

Emblazoned symbols of decadence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emblazoned symbols of decadence - Essay Example By using various symbols as literary devices in the poem, the poet is able to successfully illustrate what he felt like and the painful processes he underwent as he lived the life of a prisoner within the harsh confines of a remote relocation camp. The powerful imagery and relatable concepts Okita manages to muster out of concrete nouns help him to masterfully paint mental pictures of what he and 110,000 other Japanese Americans emotionally went through from 1942 to 1946. Being forced into internment camps was a very invasive and demoralizing experience for Japanese Americans, and Okita eloquently captures the essence of how they felt by relating this hardship to a turtle’s smashed shell, which symbolizes not only the gutted houses they had to leave behind, but their squashed pride and self-respect. the middle of the poem, Okita relays how his neighbor Jimmi described the way people prepared turtle soup in the deep south as a way to symbolize what he went through as a result o f being displaced, â€Å"A huge sea turtle ─ take a sledge hammer to the massive shell, wedge it open with one simple, solid blow till the turtle can feel no home above him, till everything is taken away and there is nothing he will carry away from this moment,† (Schmidt and Crockett 331). Without the poet spelling it out, the reader can easily see that victims of internment camps underwent a painful process similar to that of a turtle being stripped of his shell, which represents the security of his home. The reader understands that once the shell (home) is taken away and destroyed, much of the defenseless victim’s identity and self-worth is stolen away, as well. The vivid imagery of the turtle, which symbolizes both Japanese Americans (body) and their ravaged homes (crushed shell), is used as a precision instrument to artfully and poignantly depict the tragedy that wartime prisoners endured. Okita also goes on to use a barbed wire fence as a symbol to draw an image of the harsh conditions faced by detainees, as well as the different perspective from which they viewed life. The poet draws on the past pleasure he took in counting stars from his home in Fresno, California, where he often sang with the joy it brought him - gazing at the celestial wonders. He then describes the stars he sees in his Arkansas internment camp, which are accompanied by the sharp, unattractive stars made from barbed wire fences, â€Å"The nice thing about counting stars is you can do it just about anywhere . . . Even in a relocation camp miles from home, even in Jerome, Arkansas where a barbed wire fence crisscrosses itself making stars of its own - but nothing worth counting, nothing worth singing to,† (331). The barbed wire fence symbolizes the constraints from enjoying the world the way it was meant to be, while the fake stars it forms are symbolic of how internment camps provide horrible substitutes for real (enjoyable) life on the outside. These litera ry conventions give the reader a better grasp of what life was really like inside the confines of the camps. Lastly, Okita uses the imagery of his family’s car before and during his internment to symbolize the condition of the detainees and their lives. He creatively does this while recounting about his mother, â€Å"At night, she’

How One Film Demonstrates Features Which Can Be Considered as Post-Modern Essay Example for Free

How One Film Demonstrates Features Which Can Be Considered as Post-Modern Essay Film within the post-modern genre simply illustrates the ideas of postmodernism through expressive art. Postmodern can be defined as a â€Å"genre of art and literature†¦ in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism† In this essay I will be outlining the key concepts as well as characteristics that can be found in a post modern film. Postmodern cinema contradicts the typical principle of narrative structure and the portrayal of the characters. One film I believe illustrates these ideologies is Quentin Tarantino’s film Pulp Fiction. Released when postmodern films were at its peek. Pulp Fiction has to be one of cinemas most iconic films of all time. Due to the uncertainty of the characters and the stylised yet ambiguous nature of the plot, Pulp fiction is not only to be branded intriguing but also a great example of postmodern. Work by theorists such as Fredric Jameson, will be looked at to help with the analysis of the chosen film. By doing so this helps prove that key concepts which are present within the film such as pastiche, irony, fragmentation and parody are perceptions that together make up a postmodern film proving that pulp fiction is a good illustration. The use of pastiche is present throughout the film. Pastiche allows the emergence of differing techniques to form together in order to create a new structure. Replications of renowned film makers work has been used in order for an updated equally creative film to be produced. Anything from words, phrases, visual, and musical patterns can be used, by doing so it demonstrates that postmodern film is a combination of a variety of texts, styles and skills. Many theorists have spoken openly about their disproval of pastiche. Theorist Fredric Jameson for example even goes as far as to refer to pastiche as a â€Å"dead language†. In the book Postmodern Culture Fredric Jameson writes about the decline of new art, he writes â€Å"in a world in which stylistic innovation is no longer possible, all that is left is to imitate dead styles† (Jameson,1995 ) Even though â€Å"plagiarism of older plots†(Jameson, 1995) occurs in some films it can be argued that by this technique being used it allows an ingenious reinvention of a classic, to be made. One of the first indications of pastiche in Pulp Fiction takes place in the third scene where Vincent (John Travolta) and Jules (Samuel L. Jackson) enter the house. When Vincent is directed to the place where the brief case is, and opens it he is to be met by a bright glow, the scenes shows similar replication to a 1950s film in the film noir genre; called kiss me deadly. Where in both films the characters gaze adoringly in to the case, in Pulp Fiction the question of what it could possibly be is asked, considering the 666 (the mark of the anti-Christ) had to be entered into the case in order for it to be opened. Referencing to the 1950s is evident in the film, Marcellous’s wife Mia is associated with the 1950s quite a lot. The dialogue between Vincent and Mia is reminiscent to what would be said in a 1950s film. This idea is highlighted again when she chooses to go to a 1950s themed restaurant. The language and the setting break’s away from the usual formatting of the film which up until now consisted of violence. Mia being so much associated with the 1950s is rather ironic as you automatically associate the 1950s and women to be calm and innocent. We soon find this not to be the case as she is soon after shown taking drugs in the bathroom. Another example of pastiche within the film would be when Marcellous got raped. After his traumatic experience he tells Butch that he’s going to get his men to work on Zed with a â€Å"pair of pliers and a blow torch†. A line that was famously taken from the film Charley Varrick. The use of parody is another postmodern feature that is evident in pulp fiction. Like pastiche parody is also the imitation of a person’s previous work. Even though they may seem the same, the two techniques in fact contrast one another. Parody imitates film through cynicism whilst pastiche emulates true form. According to Jameson the use of parody emphasises a films distinctiveness through mockery, he rightly declares â€Å"now parody capitalises the uniqueness of these styles and seizes on their idiosyncrasies and eccentricities to produce a imitation which mocks the original† (Jameson,1995 ) The sarcastic tone to situations that can be considered to be serious are ridiculed whilst random partially irrelevant scenes are present at times. This technique easily can be seen as an attack on history however it also can be perceived as a humorous take on a scene or situation of something of importance. According to Linda Hutcheon â€Å"pastiche usually has to remain within the same genre as its model, whereas parody allows for adaptation† (Hutcheon1989). Parody allows the script to differentiate away from the original and become a voice and vision of its own, helping create a new meaning to the scene. Parody allows the script to differentiate away from the original and become a voice and vision of its own, helping create a new meaning to the scene. An example of parody is shown in the film is in the scene where Butch is a young boy. He receives a visit from a friend of his father who died at war. On first appearances you as the audience not only are intrigued but curious to find out what is going on. What seems to be something of importance is soon dismissed as the soldier goes on to talk about how Butch’s birth right was hidden up his and Butch’s fathers â€Å"ass† for seven years. Another element which is evident is the exploitation of words and situations being used in order to suggest the opposite of their intended meaning. Pulp Fiction explores this feature in the form of irony. The three types of irony used are: irony of fate, verbal irony and dramatic irony. Together the three different varieties of irony merge collectively providing a witty script. The scene where the two men in suits (Samuel L. Jackson and John Travolta) approach the door and enters, is a prime example of dramatic irony. This is due to fact that we know something bad is going to take place. The audience knows more than the characters in the film, making us to wonder what will happen next. The sarcastic tone in the conversation Jules is having with one of the victims, too adds to the suspense as his tone is not serious â€Å"do you mind if I have some of your tasty beverage to wash this down? The dialogue is rather confusing as you immediately think that your interpretation of events must be wrong and once again are left not knowing what is going to happen next. Before killing the victim Jules recites a biblical verse â€Å"The path of the righteous man is beset on all sides by the iniquities of the selfish and the tyranny of evil men. Blessed is he who in the name of charity and goodwill shepherds the weak through the valley of darkness, for he is truly his brothers keeper and the finder of lost children. And I will trike down upon thee with great vengeance and furious anger those who attempt to poison and destroy my brothers. And you will know my name is the Lord when I lay my vengeance upon thee† (Ezekiel 25:17). The irony behind this is that he associates God with assignation. His act has now become justified in a deluded way. Whereas before God was associated with negativity in regards to Jules in the end it was the â€Å"divine intervention† of God that also saved him from the life of violence. Jules’ epiphany came when he was close to death it was this same epiphany that saved the thieves in the diner at the end. An example of irony of fate would have to be when Butch runs into Marcellous at the traffic lights. This is ironic as Butch escapes being killed due to Marcellous putting out a warrant for him. The scene continues to show irony as the two of them end up being put in a compromising situation in which they end up needing the help of the other for their own survival. Marvin’s death in the car is an additional case of irony of fate. He ends up being shot accidentally minutes after his life was spared. This is tragic as in Marvin’s case he was killed due to being at the wrong place at the wrong time. The complex nature of the film means that pulp fiction contains multiple storylines making it a story within a story. This fragmented form â€Å"deliberately discontinuous narratives†¦to suggest the fragmentation and breaks-up of formerly accepted systems of thought and belief† (Tim Woods, 1999). This particular feature is vital and takes place through out. The mergence from one thing into the next forces those watching to construct and figure out the story for themselves. Fragmentation has a real role of importance in Pulp fiction as the distorted storyline enables the audience to have empathy for the characters. The beginning of the film which we later find out is in fact the end, starts off with a mid way conversation between a man and a women. Only seconds into the movie and already the audience is left unsure of what it is they are talking about and what is going on in the scene. After a confusing dialogue between the two people which lasts only a few minutes the scene ends with a frozen image of the two of them. Not knowing what is going on is a theme which is explored throughout the film. Like in the first scene the scene following, too starts off with a conversation which has already started â€Å"okay so tell me again bout the hash bar† by doing so again the audience are unaware of what is taking place and feel the need to construct the story for themselves. A different example in the scene â€Å"Vincent Vega and Marsellus Wallace’s wife† introduces another character which the film later reveals is one of three protagonist characters Butch. Like the formatting of the other scenes a conversation is already taking place when the scene begins. The scene continues and Vincent and Jules randomly enter wearing t-shirts and shorts. It is only nearer to the end of the film that we find out why they are wearing what they are wearing. As the film draws to an end the first scene in the diner is explained in the last scene. The audience later find out that both Vincent and Jules are in fact present at the robbery. With his new morally correct path in which Jules wants to pursue he spares them their lives even though they had a gun pointed in his face. After an extensive look into postmodern film and the role in which it plays in the formation of film, it is evident that it is these features that make the films what they are, despite it contrasting the conventions of typical film. Borrowing plot lines from other well known sources, the use of sarcasm when imitating art, irony and perplexity are just a few descriptions, you could find within this genre. Even though at times these features have been questioned as well as criticised, in the end the final product at times are fascinating, a good example of this theory defiantly lies in the film pulp fiction. Pulp fiction forces the audience not to conform to the conventional ideas of film but instead consider a new way of understanding and acknowledge film. The concepts effectively add a new type of understanding to a collective of ideologies, allowing the reader to witness many different transitions that occurs within life through the characters. The relation between postmodernism and film has been openly criticised yet applauded by theorists. The lack of originality is the main focal point in regards to the subject with some theorist even referring it to plagiarism. Quentin Tarantino disproves this theory as his work is a prime example of originality and uniqueness that can come out of postmodern film in spite of pastiche, parody, irony and fragmentation being used.

Essay --

Introduction From 1692 to 1693 in Boston Massachusetts many people were accused of practicing witchcraft. In this year close to 200 people were accused of practicing the â€Å"devils magic† and they were put on trial with the possibility of the final verdict of either life or death. This dark magic was commonly associated with random outburst, screaming, and certain positions foreign to those around them, and other things people found were out of the norm and unnatural. During this time people lived a puritan lifestyle, the devil was made very real, and this conservative and rigid lifestyle gave way to a strong belief in the devil. A total of nineteen people were hung During the Salem Witch Trials because of their conformation with the devil and their practice of witchcraft.† June 10th; Bidget Bishop, July 19th; Rebecca Nurse, Sarah Good, Susannah Martin, Elizabeth Howe, Sarah Wildes, August 19th; George Burroughs, Martha Carrier, John Willard, George Jacobs, Sr, John Proctor, September 22nd; Martha Corey, Mary Eastey, Ann Pudeator, Alice Parker Wilmott Redd, Margaret Scott, Samuel Wardwell.† Those accuses in Salem, Boston Massachusetts, were believed to be seduced by the devils magic. Those accused, regardless of being guilty or not were brought into court and were pushed through the legal process. The court held each person to the same accountability, guilty until proven innocent. Each person was taken to jail, later to be asked series of questions by the magistrate to determine their confrontation with the devil and the many things that the devil influenced. In the government of today’s s ociety the same process is given to those that are accused of a crime, then having the evidence go to a grand jury, there deciding whether there ... ... the town of its evil, or the guilty, those that disturb the peace of our society, but in doing so they have not protected the innocent. During the Salem witch trials there were three things that were vital during the trail of finding a witch or wizard, â€Å"confession, testimony of two eye witnesses to acts of witches, and spectral evidence.† The process in which people are out on trial today are based upon five pieces of evidence; faulty eye witness of identification, false confessions, jail house informant testimony, perjury, prosecutorial misconduct. The Salem Witch trials had faith in this system believing all it took to find the guilty was were solely these pieces of evidence. Society and the citizens of today have the same trust in the judicial system today that it will protect. The system of the United States, aims to protect the innocent and lock up the guilty,

Boxing as a Metaphor

A film perhaps, could be considered as one of the most powerful medium in the field of communication. Creativity, per se, is a major factor in coming up with this kind of output. Not everyone is entitled that sense of creativity and at the same time, substance that would cater a â€Å"must-see† movie for all. Also, in coming up with a film, a film maker has all the means to incorporate underlying themes or messages in the film being produced.Some of the film makers have been successful in using this techniques, some, meanwhile, were not able to make their audience realize that their movies had something say beyond the denotative objects and situations in the film. Two of the films which incorporated metaphors or underlying themes on it are: Triumph of the Spirit and the Boxer and Death. The two mainly focused on the life of the protagonists with relation to boxing. Boxing was used as a form of metaphor in the said films. Triumph of the Spirit: An OverviewThe Triumph of the Spi rit was based on a true story of a boxer which took place during a Holocaust; it was released in 1989. Directed by Robert Young, it was the first ever film to be shot in the death camp of Auschwitz. Every detail was vividly shown in the film. Every detail was presented accurately—from the bread thrown into their dinner plates up to the wooden shoes that were worn by the prisoners. The movie is a true story focused on an Auschwitz concentration camp inmate named Salmo Arouch. Salmo, who was a boxing champion, was forced to be involved in a series of boxing bouts which tallied 200 win-or-die contests.â€Å"BOXING AS A METAPHOR† PAGE#2 The contest was conceptualized by the camp’s guards as they see it as a form of entertainment. The movie was set during the Holocaust of the Second World War which can be considered as one of the darkest parts of the modern history. The movie was made in the superlative description of authenticity. The film was basically about a boxe r named Salamo (played by William Dafoe). He was a Greek Jew who was sent to Auschwitz who almost died in the hands of the Nazi who captured him. He did not die as the Nazi learned that he was a champion boxer.The Nazi captors, seeking for some sort of entertainment, set a Boxing match, wherein Salamo won. The boxing matches continued with money involved. At least once a week, the Nazi captors would gather to drink and eat and also to watch their prisoners pound one another. Salamo was stuck in a very difficult situation. He would accidentally kill his opponent during bouts, or else, he himself would die. One of the camp’s gypsy prisoners (played by Edward James Olmos) appeared to be a fixer who would engage himself in a black market mainly focused on persuasion and bribery.Later, he became involved in Salamo’s plan to save his father in the prison. Unfortunately, the name of Salamo’s father was included in the list of those who would soon disappear. And when Sa lamo asked him if there anything that he could do to save his father, he merely replied, â€Å"Nothing, unless someone can be found to take his place. † â€Å"BOXING AS A METAPHOR† PAGE#3 The next predictable scene was that Salamo offered himself to replace his father. He volunteered that his name be included in the list of those who would soon disappear instead of his father.But he never really pushed through his plan. Only a few of the detainees of the Nazi captors managed to survive the Holocaust. Of course, many of them just chose to die instead of enduring the pain of the torture that had happened. But those who did not want to die, died anyway. Salamo managed to survive the Holocaust for he won enough fights during the â€Å"boxing contests. † The title of the movie was dubbed as â€Å"The Triumph of the Spirit. † Where did the concept of triumph become evident in the film? Salamo received his own triumph in the expense of his opponents.Another flaw that could be inferred in the movie is that it never really â€Å"introduced† the other characters—not even those who had significant roles. They were not even given their respective names. Basically, Triumph of the Spirit showed the horrors that can be inferred from the Holocaust part of the Second World War. Triumph of the Spirit: Boxing as a Metaphor Although boxing was not really the focus of the film, boxing was used to convey underlying themes and messages by the film maker. Salmo was a boxer during one of the darkest stages of the modern history.The story evolved on repression and abuse that happened among the prisoners perpetuated by the Nazi. â€Å"BOXING AS A METAPHOR† PAGE#4 The understanding of the film would entail a lot of creativity and a deeper comprehension of what was really the main point of the film. Basically, the main and obvious theme of the movie was â€Å"survival of the fittest. † â€Å"Survival of the fittest† would best describe that 200 win-or-die contest. The concentration camp appeared to be a place where you have only two choices—to continue to live or to accept death.That is, if you are strong enough to beat and â€Å"kill† your fellow inmates. Boxing appeared to be a manifestation of the cruelty and brutality that happened in the concentration camp. The movie also reflected a significant part of the history where the detainees of the Nazi captors had to go through all the hardship that the circumstance had to offer. Disappointingly, the movie also portrayed an individualist theme. In order for Salamo to survive he had to â€Å"unintentionally kill† his opponents who were also his co-inmates. Those who would not win the bouts were subjected to execution.The movie also assumed that the viewers were already oriented of the basics of the Holocaust. Boxing represents the struggles that the characters had to go through. Despite the flaws that could be observed in the film, the film maker was creative enough to use boxing as a metaphor in the movie. Boxing, aside from the struggles, could also signify as a defense mechanism against the Nazi captors. Boxing was portrayed as something which could save one’s life. In the case of Salamo, boxing became his â€Å"breathing apparatus. † â€Å"BOXING AS A METAPHOR† PAGE#5If not because of boxing, he might have died and his bouts did not reach to 200. Amazing how the film maker was able to come up with a metaphor that the viewers could dwell into. In life, just like in boxing, we have to get up whenever we are punched down. We have to maximize all the means that we have for us to survive. Ironically, the opponents of Salamo perhaps signified the hardships and problems that he had during the Holocaust era. Although quite inhumane, the bouts represented his winning over the predicaments that he had to face. His knowledge about boxing—or life rather—made him survive all of these.

Stereotypes: An Interview

The other day I had a discussion with my roommate about the social psychological idea of stereotyping. I found it interesting how much I felt like she was contradicting herself. But in my opinion, I do not find it surprising that she did, because I feel like most people at the point in our lives (college students) do try and not prejudge people, but do anyway. When I asked how guilty she felt she was about stereotyping people, she said it depends on what she s stereotyping, but she does not feel like she does it too much. She also said she does not feel like she belongs in a particular social group and she also feels like there are exceptions in some stereotypical groups. For example, if there were a group of black guys standing on the street, some people would automatically assume that they were up to no good. But my roommate feels like if she saw this group with one of the guys dressed nicely, she could point him out as one exception the one who would probably not be doing any harm. When I asked if she treats people differently right away because of how she has prejudged them, she answered that she does not treat them differently and that she tries not to prejudge at all. However, she does pick out a stereotypical group for a stranger before she meets them, a lot of times, and they do normally end up being what she expects. This proves the theory of the self- fulfilling prophecy to be correct. Whereas some people still tend to put some people they do know as well as strangers into stereotypical groups, my roommate does not. She said once she gets to know someone, on the acquaintance level, she does not stereotype them as much and does not really feel that they belong to a certain groups such as the preps or the jocks. And she also feels that getting to know the person does have an effect on how she feels because the more I get to know them, the less I stereotype them. When I asked if she thought any groups should have a higher self esteem because of what group they seem to be placed with (i. e. snobs or nerds ), she said no, as long as each person is doing everything they can do to keep their lives running well. On the topic of sex she feels that there are extreme stereotypes between men and women. I feel it has gone down over the years, but it definitely still exists; it could be improved; and women are degraded. She really believes there should be equality in every aspect of life between the sexes. However, she sees one stereotype about women that she can agree with is that women are a lot easier to talk to, and are more open-minded and liberal than men. On the topic of race, she feels as though all races judge and stereotype each other such as whites thinking all blacks are on welfare. She said in the case of race, she agrees with some of the stereotypes, but only because she feels that they are based on facts and evidence. Such as, a larger percentage of whites have jobs and less whites are on welfare than other races. But despite all this, she does not overall agree with stereotyping races. In conclusion, when I asked if she thinks the activity of stereotyping will ever end, she said, No, I don t believe stereotyping will ever entirely end. She also said that people should make an effort to see past all stereotypes, good or bad.

Definition of Race Essays - Social Constructionism, Free Essays

Definition of Race Essays - Social Constructionism, Free Essays Definition of Race Victoria Mullally SOC/262 February 29, 2016 Erica Lloyd Race defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary is a category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical traits ("race," n.d.). Over time race is has proven to be so much more than that. The current view of race is more socially constructed than it is biological. Traditionally race has been looked at in a biological manner. This means that race was defined simply by viewing people by biologically inherited factors. (I.e. DNA) Obviously DNA is a small portion of what people consider to be a racial distinction. Biological factors are scientific. This also means that they will never change. Blacks would be considered black in all parts of world as would whites. However, this is not the case. A person who could be categorized as black in the United States might be considered white in Brazil or colored in South Africa. (Onwuachi-Willig, 2015, para. 1). If race remained a scientific/biological construct it would not change based on a persons view. In todays society the science of race is lost. People view race in a manner of their own personal perception. If a person views themselves as a superior race their reasoning will be considerably different than that of another, whom considers themselves superior. One person may consider themselves superior due to their wealth, while another may consider themselves superior due to their religious background. With the many variations in what society considers race its no wonder race is such a dominate factor in American culture. Race is a socially constructed concept. (Schaefer, 2014, p. 9). Race only matters so much in America because we use it to define so many things. The creation of racial groups, ethnic groups, and gender groups simply goes to show how much emphasis is put on race. Racial groups are how people group those based on apparent physical differences. Ethnic groups are how people are grouped by national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. Gender groups are obviously the separation of males and females. By using these different groups you are essentially being racist. People within these groups have no choice of being a part of them. By society differentiating people in this way racism is going to be a never ending battle. Traditional views of race hindered the assimilation of underserved groups because race was a factor. By differentiating people by race we inhibit their assimilation into American society. I feel this is true because once people feel threatened by their race they hold onto it. If people assimilate to a society that is so set on race, they themselves give into a race conscious society. If race wasnt so important, then assimilating into American society would be less of a battle for underserved groups. All people of America would be much happier if they were not defined by any type of race, whether that is the traditional view or the contemporary view. The new definition of race in contemporary America is closely related to the melting pot approach. I feel that this is the only definition that still works because America is not changing for the better. In a melting pot approach it is defined as a place where different peoples, styles, and theories are mixed. ("Google", n.d.). This to me sounds like America. All different people, their styles, and theories are mixed together in one place. Although I do not feel as though these differences are melted. This is also why I would consider contemporary America as more of a salad bowl. A salad has different parts that are tossed together, but fail to mix/melt. I feel as though pluralism is what America should be working towards. Pluralism is about coexisting. If everyone in America felt that what they thought, how they dressed, what they looked like, and what religion they practiced were not being judged they would be able to coexist. Being able to coexist means being able to learn from one another. Learning from each other is the way the world should work. Finding new approaches to life rather than judging and hindering others for being different would make America a more beautiful place to live. There are a lot of freedoms we have in America, but escape from the idea

Marital conflicts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marital conflicts - Research Paper Example Marital Conflict Introduction Marriage in U.S society Marriage is a foundational relationship in American society. According to Gottman and Carrere (1994), 90% of Americans will marry in their lifetime. However, it is found that nearly 44 percent of marriages end in divorce (Teachman, 2009). United States government data demonstrated a slight dip in the divorce rate from the 1980s to the 1990s (Teachman, 2009). However, there is a clear trend in U.S. documented history that divorce is a more viable option for couples, and the dip is negligible. It is also significant to note that many couples that stay together remain unhappy in the relationship for years According to these figures, marriage truly is a risky undertaking in American society. In addition, culture in the United States has been shaped by the growing trend of divorce. The increase of single-parent homes and the financial burdens associated with them, custody battles, and the negative effect on some children of divorce imp act American society. Teachman, (2009) reported negative effects of divorce on parents and children that most children of divorce had demonstrated some emotional distress and behavioral problems. In a study by Rogers (2004), this idea is supported, as she found that young children (under the age of 6) whose parents divorce may be at risk for developmental and behavioral problems. Divorce in U.S. culture does not occur in a vacuum but ripples through society. It destroys families and creates insecurity in children. Divorced adults must pick up the pieces emotionally, financially, and socially and start over, while mending the brokenness of the past. Addressing the communication difficulties couples have before the relationship comes to divorce or separation is important. Divorce is not the answer to the fading communicative abilities of U.S. culture. Many couples find that the problems and unhappiness they faced as individuals while married continue after divorce. Often partners assu me their spouse is the source of their unhappiness. In some cases this may be true, in many it is not. Also, partners assume there will no longer be arguments once they divorce. This is also not likely true. Couples often still argue once they are divorced, especially when they have children together. Divorce is not an easy solution to the work of marriage. Therefore, it is imperative for studies to be done that can be applied practically and can help mental health practitioners develop better understanding of how marriages can succeed, how conflict can be better managed, and how couples can adapt to one another in order to create a healthy, sustained relationship. Nature of Marriage: The Presence of Conflict The marriage relationship provides the possibility of great connectedness and communication. It also provides the opportunity for hurt and relational brokenness that extends beyond the two individuals within the marriage. Rainey (1997) explained, "No other human relationship ca n approach the potential for intimacy and oneness than can be found within the context of the marriage commitment. And yet no other relationship can bring with it as many adjustments, difficulties and even hurts" (p. 10). To succeed, marriages require work-work that is focused in the right direction.

Students are expected to write a case study with a final report of Essay

Students are expected to write a case study with a final report of 3000 words on the modus operandi and the present impact, at n - Essay Example This paper is being undertaken in order to seek a detailed discussion of the yakuza crime organization, helping this student understand the activities of the group and establishing specific details which would distinguish it from other organized crime groups. The yakuza organization became the organization it has become today at around the late 1800s under the leadership of Toyama Mitsuru (Butler and Kaplan, p. 40). Mitsuru founded the Genyosha Society and his main aid, Uchida formulated the Amur River Society. These groups dominated in activities like prostitution, gambling, entertainment, liquor, and other activities like dockside labour (Chemko). They also engaged in the 1960s and 1970s in drugs and arms trade. This group has also been highly connected with other organized crime groups, including the Sicilian Mafia, American Mafia, Colombian drug cartels, and the Chinese triads (Chemko). This group has long been recognized in Japan as a normal part of their history and activities, especially with its associations with politicians and rich businessmen. They have also become engaged in the international arena, not necessarily in areas with Japan nationals (Chemko). The current organization was organized in the mid-1600s and was identified to have engaged in gambling and street vending during its inception (Chemko). Protection for other members no matter the circumstance was one of the main qualities of this group. The members were expected to do everything necessary in order to protect their fellow members. When industrialization was introduced in the country, the group followed the trend and set-up businesses in industrialized activities, including dockside labour and construction (Bruno). Interest in policies also followed, and with it, strong associations with politicians were soon forged. Associations between the police/law enforcement officers and the yakuza were also established (Bruno). During the Second World War, the yakuza posed the most significant threat to the American troops. Food rations were given to soldiers and this caused the proliferation of the black marker, including higher resources for the yakuza and other criminal organizations (Fulford, p. 66). Street vendors, known as the gurentai gained strength, often carrying out bank robberies at the black markets. Soon enough, the American and other foreign troops played a strong role in the yakuza’s habit of wearing black suits, white shirts and black sunglasses (Chemko). They also relinquished their customary swords for firearms and became even more violent. There were about 5000 gangs during these times and with the influence of Yoshio Kodama, they were soon united and included in the major crime group known as the yakuza (Gangland). This group has traditionally considered itself a helper – a Robin Hood of sorts. Before the courts were in existence in Japan, individuals usually went to the yakuza to seek the settlement of their disputes (Gangland). However , the process of resolution often included harsh actions which were not seen when recourse from legal authorities was carried out. There are two kinds of yakuza. The first are the free yakuza which were considered outcasts of society and were not linked with other organizations (Chemko). They also did not carry out serious acts, but were considered common thugs. They were also not offered any protection and were often unable to

International Environmental Agreements Assignment

International Environmental Agreements - Assignment Example As the study discusses  Kyoto Protocol was enforced on February 16, 2005, and its requirements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions were binding on the 35 industrialized nations that were party to its sanction. The United States was not among the parties to the Protocol's ratification. The U.S. under Bush’s administration precluded the protocol. Instead, the U.S. formulated a discretionary climate change policy that regulated the domestic emission levels.This paper stresses that  the U.S. continued its membership to the UNFCCC but avoided any involvement with the Kyoto Protocol. Surprisingly, by 2012, the U.S. had embraced some of the Kyoto Protocol’s regulations. The Kyoto Protocol is viewed as an essential initiative towards a genuine reduction of greenhouse gas emission worldwide. Currently, in Durban, adjustment plans are underway to develop new protocols agreeable to all parties, whose implementation is anticipated by the year 2020.  In 1991, an agreement was s igned between the U.S. and Canada aimed at addressing trans-boundary air contamination, whereby toxins discharged at one area travels from one location to another, deteriorating air quality both at the point of emission and the surrounding.  Under the Scientific and Technical Activities and Economic Research Annex, Canada and the United States consent to organize their air contamination checking systems; use good configurations and strategies for observing and reporting.

Do we overplay the influence - especially the harmful influence - of Essay

Do we overplay the influence - especially the harmful influence - of the media on British politics - Essay Example Hodgson (2007) claimed that since ‘World War II’ British media has played an influential role in the country in terms of political participation, elections and political process among others. Considering this fact, media and newspaper has undermined several aspects of the country in terms of voting, elections, political equality and accountability. As a consequence, the impact of the political activities in case of business sectors, has diversely affected the performance of the country. Moreover, it has also affected the financial stability of the country in context of political background. Additionally, during the early 21st century the traditional trend of media changed to a considerable extent and the presence of social media highly influenced the political performance in Britain (Hodgson, 2007). In this assignment, the objective is to identify that whether we overplay the influences of media on the British politics. At the same time, the study has also emphasised to identify the harmful influences of media and newspaper of the British political system. During the contemporary era, the role of mass media has changed, which has influenced potential problems on the democratic environment of the British government. More precisely, media and newspaper has identified all the agenda from the domestic environment of the British and framed the same in front of Britain citizens. In this regard, mass media have a high influence on the macro political agenda, which has initiated difficulties for the political parties in Britain. According to the viewpoint of Tulloch (2007) British political system is usually established on the basis of democratic governance. In this context, it is evident that constitutional issues and governmental elections are usually the core agenda’s of the British political system. On the other hand, a large number of the

Emotional Development in Young Children

Emotional Development in Young Children Introduction Human beings have an extremely rich and complex emotional life that provides value to our experiences, motivation to our actions, and a dimension of communication beyond spoken words. We can suppose that the individuals are mature enough to experience complex emotions and able to recognise those emotions in others. This capacity of emotion, as with other aspects of human development, emerges as an immature quality in infancy, expands through childhood and adolescence, where it blossoms in adulthood, full of subtlety and abundance. Positive emotional development has important benefits for young children. Young children who are emotionally stable and healthy benefit from being more attentive to learning, feeling good about themselves, having more friends and being able to better control their behavior. These all relate to long-term happiness and success in life as children grow older. Young Children Emotions play an important role in our daily lives. From a young age, children show the ability to feel and respond to a variety of emotions. For example: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Even as early as 1 month of age, infants demonstrate emotions (distress, pleasure) that show understanding of what is happening around them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ By 4 months, a baby naturally recognises differences in faces expressing happiness, anger or sadness, and will react to try to change the expression on a parents face to be happier. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In the first two years of life, children learn to laugh not only at being pleased, but in response to their own behaviors (flapping their arms, etc.) that get an emotional reaction from others (delight from parents, other children). All of us, including young children, are wired to experience and express emotion. Emotional development relates to a childs developing ability to recognise feelings, distinguish among them, manage emotions and be aware of and respond to the feelings of others. The development of such abilities through time results in a persons degree of emotional intelligence, an important concept that suggests people can become competent in how they handle and express their own emotions and respond to others emotions. Emotional development relates to how we recognise, understand and choose how we feel, think or act. It shapes our understanding of us and also our interactions with others, i.e. family, friends, groups, communities. It often defines what we value, and how and what we learn, as well as what and how we prioritize things in our daily lives. Our feelings provide us with insight and energy, and are involved with almost every decision we make. Emotional development affects a childs capacity to relate to others, interact and communicate, and also his or her ability to express feelings, such as love, anger and trust. Developing abilities associated with emotions are important life skills, meaning abilities that help us relate well to others and succeed in life. Some of these important skills include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Being aware of your own feelings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitoring your moods and regulating expressions of emotion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Handling anger à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using emotions positively to help reach our goals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sensing how others feel à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using emotions positively in making decisions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitoring others emotions to manage personal relationships Key Aspects of Emotional Development As with other aspects of a young childs growth, children develop different abilities related to emotions as they mature and change. Understanding how young children develop an awareness of their own and others feelings, as well as the ability to manage such feelings, is important. Young children have an enormous capacity for learning. The early years provide a valuable window of opportunity to help children learn about emotions and relationships with others. Caring adults are most important in aiding a young childs emotional development. Some of the best ways to develop emotional intelligence in young children include modeling and creating awareness of their emotions. Children begin to gain greater awareness of their feelings and how to express them in different ways during their early years. Some key points to remember with young children and different stages of emotional development include: Prenatal to 3 Months à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Infants this age develop feelings of trust and attachment through being held or having someone talk to them and respond when they fuss or cry. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ New infants need to feel tenderness and security, see smiling faces and experience responsiveness and warmth as they begin to feel what their environment is like. 3 to 6 Months à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Infants this age are learning to read emotion and express it through observation and imitation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Infants this age need parents and other caregivers to be responsive and attentive to them, which teaches them their emotions affect the world around them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Infants this age seek stimulation and emotional reassurance and connection. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Parents can assist emotional development by using expression when talking (baby talk), spending lots of face-to-face time with a baby (gives emotional interaction) and showing different facial expressions (gives a baby practice at reading emotions). 6 to 9 Months à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Infants this age are learning expression of feelings, such as sadness, fear, curiosity and happiness. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Infants this age are learning to distinguish between people they know and those they do not know, and feel reassurance or anxiety related to those around them (stranger anxiety, etc.) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Infants can have feelings about objects, such as fear (of a cat) or desire to play (with a toy), and express invitations or interest in playing with toys, objects or adults. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Infants this age look to parents for emotional cues about how to handle objects, events or people (this social referencing is a sign of emotional security with parents). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn that their emotional cues, such as the social smile, will get an emotional response from another person, so they learn to initiate emotional responses. 9 to 12 Months à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Children begin to understand they can share feelings, and others will understand them and know how they feel inside. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Children become more attached to specific people (mom) and often become anxious when those people leave, crying or being upset. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reassure children when you leave the room or keep in visual contact if possible. 1 to 3 Years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Children this age recognize their independence from others and express anger, control or other feelings about needing autonomy (desire to put on own clothes, etc.). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Children this age become aware of other children and their feelings, but still are developing emotional skills for social interaction, such as sharing, etc. Adults need to have reasonable expectations for feelings about others (empathy, etc.), encourage and model sharing with others. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Children feel the need to explore and find autonomy, and adults should understand the common use of No or behaviors that push boundaries as an expression of this feeling. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Children this age can identify feelings that adults help them label, such as sad, happy or scared. 4 to 8 Years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Children this age begin to understand and express fear of natural disasters, war, death or other concerns. Parents can assist in coping with such anxiety. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Children this age are asked to control emotional responses as they enter school settings or other areas where behavior must be controlled. Practice of emotional responses in such situations and familiarity with the environment can be helpful to children this age. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Children can brainstorm ways to overcome or handle particular emotions, such as fear or anger, with guidance from parents and caring adults. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Children increase their ability to get along with others, but may need continuing help to manage hurt feelings or emotional upset with friends or peers. In the very young age, assumptions regarding the state of emotional maturity are restricted due to the infants communicative ability. Newborn expressions consist mainly of distress and relaxed interest. They are driven by the desire to seek a balance between over-stimulation and under-stimulation and they learn very quickly that they can control their environment by influencing their caregivers. Ways that infants manipulate and regulate their environment are typically characterized by vocal and facial indices that are presumed to reflect emotions and the ways parents respond provides a history and basis for emotion control. At around two to seven months, infants are able to recognize different faces and display behaviors indicating discrimination toward primary caregivers and away from strangers. Attachments between the infant and the caregivers are formed through synchronized, one-on-one interactions, which are facilitated by the social smile. Along with the emergence of this caregiver attachment, babies are now showing signs of stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. Thus the emotions associated with attachment lay the foundations for the establishment of mutual cooperation, and other social and cognitive competencies later in development. At around 3 to 10 months, the emergence of playful, intentional, non-verbal communication is observable. Looking at each other, playing short games, taking rests become part of the infants social activity. By the end of the first year, infants are able to receive important information regarding their environment and behavior. This can be quite handy now that the child is becoming much more mobile. They are cruising at 9 months, standing at 12 months and walking without support at 13 months and by recognizing expressions on their mothers face, they can more confidently indulge a curiosity or avoid a painful experience. These social referencing behaviors show that infants are able to recognize the emotional state of another person and know that the emotion is directed at a person, object or behavior. In addition, where experimental failures in social referencing are reported, this could be the result of the childs ability to detect differences between authentic and role-played displays of expression thereby, indicating a truly remarkable sense of observation, discrimination and interpretation. Humans naturally display indicators of embarrassment through blushing, anger through flushing, intense sadness through tears, fear through vocal tension, and surprise through pupil dilation. The ability to recognise when these emotions are present can be very helpful when dealing with other people. In the ages between 2 and 4, children become able to discern what caregivers want from them and modify behavior to meet expectations. Cognitively, they are moving away from centration and egocentrism, which gives them a greater ability to see things from another persons perspective and also grasp more than one quality simultaneously. They begin to display a sense of humor and are now able to understand that one event, like a race, can cause one person to feel happy and another to feel sad at the same time. Conclusion Children enter life and immediately begin to express and experience emotions. As with other areas of development, learning the abilities associated with emotional development takes time and experience. Each domain of development has particular skills associated with it that children can learn and apply in practical ways. The primary skills associated with emotional intelligence include awareness of your own emotions, managing your emotions in positive ways, sensitivity to others emotions and empathy or reaching out to others emotionally. Developing and practicing these skills occur best when they are modeled in caring, meaningful ways in the home.

Doing the Right Thing in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Doing the "Right" Thing in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   When an individual has taken a certain course of action, who is to determine whether that action taken was right or wrong? And what basis should the individual passing judgment use to decide whether that action was right or wrong? Should the individual passing judgment consider the other individual's purpose or intent in taking the action, or should he consider the resulting consequences of the other individual's actions? If the individual passing judgment were to choose to do the first of these two alternatives, he would be taking a deontological stance, as compared to the later which describes the consequentialist view. As Stephen J. Freeman explains, consequentialism is the belief that "actions and/or rules are right as long as they produce the most favorable consequences for those affected by the actions or rules" (Freeman 63). Consequentialists view the morality of a consequence in two aspects. One aspect is what is called ethical egoism. Ethical egoism is "the idea that morality is defined as acting in one's own interest and in such a way as to maximize the consequences of good over bad" (Freeman 49). In contrast to ethical egoism is utilitarianism. Utilitarianists view morality as when an action promotes the greatest balance of good over bad for all people. "Utilitarianism is a teleological, goal-directed theory emphasizing happiness as the end result of human action" (Freeman 49). In Freeman's book on ethics, he discusses Holmes' proposal of two types of teleological ethical theories that apply to these two differing consequentialist views. Holmes' proposal is that of micro and macro ethics. Micro ethics regards the happiness of the individual as the highest good and defines what is right as the action that maximizes that end. By definition, micro ethics is very similar to the belief of ethical egoism. On the other hand, macro ethics views happiness as the well-being of a group as a whole and defines what is right as the action that maximizes that end. As used here, a group can be those people of a specific city, state, nation, or race, and any particular group has "greater importance than any particular individual or subgroup within it, because its good exceeds the sum of any and all of its parts" (Freeman 49). Those in support of macro ethics would justify the sacrifice of an individual or part within the group, as long as it brings about beneficial conseque nces for the group as a whole.

Product Life Cycle Essay

What is Marketing ? Marketing is building profitable customer relationships. The aim of marketing is to create value for customers and to capture value in return. The management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customer. Marketing is the way companies interact with consumers to create relationships that are beneficial to both parties. Businesses use marketing to identify their audience before advertising to them. Today, this is most visible through social media interactions and contests. Definition of Marketing : Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging value with others. It includes the coordination of four elements called the 4 P’s of marketing i.e. product , price, place and promotional activities. Product Life Cycle : Product Life cycle is the process through which products pass through several stages of development in its life from introduction to decline. It describes the stages a product goes through from when it was first thought of until it finally is removed from the market. Not all products reach this final stage. Some continue to grow and others rise and fall. Stages of product life cycle include : 1) Development 2) Introduction 3) Growth 4) Maturity 5) Saturation 6) Decline P.T.O. *Stages of Product Life Cycle* Stage 1 – Development This stage is when the product is in development. Right from when the idea is born until the product is released onto the market. This stage is crucial in getting everything right before the launch and can last years, depending on the product. Eg: Bisleri Packaged Drinking Water Stage 2 – Introduction The day has arrived and the product is launched onto the market. The main characteristic of this stage is that figures are small and only grow slightly as the product becomes known and the public decides whether it is actually needed or indeed whether it is any good. Stage 3 – Growth Here is where much of the money is made back on the product. The prior two stages have been expensive with development and marketing but now people begin to buy and the sales forecasts outweigh the costs. Some marketing is required as rivals may try to get in on the action in this stage when they see how big the product has become. Stage 4 – Maturity Stage four is when a product has become popular and is widely accepted by the public despite competition and age. Less marketing is required, if any at all and the company focuses on keeping its users whilst looking for new opportunities to be their next big product. Stage 5 – Saturation A stage in a product’s life cycle in which everyone who might want the product already has it. If a company is in this stage, then it could indicate that the company is not innovative, or that competitors have been able to provide superior product offerings. Stage 6 – Decline As time goes on, a product will eventually become outdated and unneeded by the public. This is particularly true in the IT sector but also with most other products. Newer versions come out or cheaper alternatives are just as good.